The measure was aimed to reduce prison overcrowding by reducing a number of felonies to misdemeanors, including certain theft crimes by raising the threshold from $400 to $950, as well as certain drug-related charges. Moreover, the Proposition provided that the money saved from incarceration will be funneled towards the funding of mental health and drug treatment programs, K-12 schools, and crime victims.

A number of studies have demonstrated that the measure more or less achieved its aims, with a decline in recidivism, reduction of prison population, and savings of over 800 million dollars. Moreover, since the passage of Prop 47, the rate of violent crimes, burglary, or robbery, has not increased. However, opponents of the measure have continuously argued that Prop 47 is the reason for the uptick of retail theft during the COVID pandemic as well as the increase in homelessness in the state. An attempt to amend Prop 47 in 2020 failed at the ballot box.

This is year, however, there is a new initiative on the ballot, Proposition 36 (The Homelessness, Drug Addiction, And Theft Reduction Act). It aims at rolling back some of the changes made by Prop 47, by increasing the penalties for certain theft and drug crimes. Proposition 36 has wide support across the political spectrum, including endorsements by the mayors of San Francisco, San Diego, and San Jose, as well as a number of Democratic state legislators. More importantly, polls show that overwhelming majority of Californians support it and the measure is destined to become law.

Therefore, it is important to summarize the main changes that Proposition 36 will bring and how they might affect a person in the future:

• First, the initiative provides for a new “treatment-mandated felony.” This new type of crime would allow DAs to charge someone with a felony for a third drug-related offense. Under the new felony, if a person does not contest the charge, he or she would be given the chance to participate in a drug or mental health treatment and upon completion of the court-mandated treatment have the charge expunged from their record. However, if the person refuses or fails to complete treatment, they would get to serve up to three years in prison.
• Second, under Prop 36, judges will be obligated to warn all individuals convicted of distributing any amount of the so-called “deadly drugs” like fentanyl, heroine, cocaine, and methamphetamine, that if in the future they distribute such drugs to a person who later dies from them, that they could be charged with murder. This provision will make it easier to prosecute such a person for murder in the future and it will apply to anyone, including individuals who provide a friend with drugs.
• Third, the initiative adds fentanyl to the list of drugs that result in a felony charge if the person possesses any amount of the so-called “deadly drugs” and a loaded firearm, even if the person is in lawful possession of the firearm.
• Forth, Prop 36 would increase the criminal penalties for some theft crimes when the person has had two or more prior theft-related convictions. In such cases, the person can be charged with a felony for a subsequent theft crime regardless of the value of the stolen property. Furthermore, the initiative will give DAs discretion to add together multiple unrelated misdemeanor thefts in order to charge a person with a felony instead of misdemeanor petty theft.
• Finally, the measure provides for the addition of harsh mandatory sentencing enhancements. The initiative adds fentanyl to the mandatory sentencing enhancements for drug sale or possession. Moreover, it gives judges discretion to impose sentencing enhancements when a person steals, destroys, or damages any amount of property by acting jointly with two or more other people; or if the person acts alone but causes losses exceeding $50,000.

As already mentioned above, Proposition 36 is set to pass in November 2024 and become a law. The measure will have serious consequences and impact negatively countless people, especially minority and low-income communities.

If you or a loved one has been arrested, the highly skilled and reliable attorneys at the Justice Firm are here to help and answer any questions you might have. Our criminal defense attorneys have decades of experience representing individuals in all misdemeanor and felony cases and you can contact them today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

Following a conviction, the first avenue to seek relief is a direct appeal. Simply put, a direct appeal is a request for a review of the trial record to determine if any errors were committed during the trial. Appeals are very complex and the likelihood of success is very low. However, direct appeals are far from the only option to challenge a conviction or a sentence.

If your appeal has been unsuccessful and you are in either actual or constructive (parole or probation) custody, you can still seek post-conviction relief through a Habeas Corpus petition. The petition can be used to challenge a conviction, sentence, or the conditions of incarceration. Habeas petitions do not have the same strict timelines as a direct appeal and can be filed even years after a conviction. Furthermore, a Habeas petition allows for the introduction of new evidence or information that was not part of the trial record.

For people who are no longer in custody, having a conviction on the record can have a severe impact on their lives and can present a serious challenge to moving on and being able to build a decent life. Moreover, for non-citizens, even a minor or a very old conviction can lead to their removal from the country. Fortunately, in 2016, the state legislature passed SB 813, which allowed people who are no longer in custody to challenge the validity of their convictions and to seek post-conviction relief by filing a motion to vacate. A motion to vacate can be filed on three separate grounds including 1) if a prejudicial error had occurred, which damaged the defendant’s ability to meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the actual or potential adverse immigration consequences of a conviction or sentence; 2) if evidence of actual innocence had been discovered; and 3) if the conviction or sentence was based on a person’s race, ethnicity, or national origin.

In addition, as part of its ongoing criminal justice reform, the state legislature, recognizing the need for more equitable sentencing, enacted two seminal bills, SB 1437 and SB 775, which effectively eliminated the role of the natural and probable consequences doctrine in murder cases and dramatically limited who can be charged with murder, manslaughter, or attempted murder under the felony murder doctrine. Both bills are retroactive and allow people who have been convicted under the old rules to petition the courts to have their convictions vacated and sentences recalled.

Finally, in an effort to eliminate some of the harshest sentencing enhancements in California, which have added years to countless individuals’ sentences, the state lawmakers have passed several important bills that could serve as a basis to petition the court for resentencing. Some of those laws include, SB 81, AB 2942, SB 1393, and AB 256 among others.

At the Justice Firm, we fight zealously to protect our clients’ rights and we believe that everyone is entitled to the opportunity to build a better future. If you or a loved one is facing criminal charges, or needs assistance with a post-conviction relief, our highly skilled and compassionate attorneys are here to help and to answer any questions you might have. You can contact our experienced California Criminal and Immigration attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

AB 600 was signed into law by Governor Newsom on October 8, 2023, and came into effect on January 1, 2024. The new law provides changes to PC 1172.1 and expands the authority of judges to initiate resentencing. Prior to the enactment of AB 600, courts’ authority to recall a sentence was limited to 120 days following the date of commitment to state prison or county jail or with the recommendation of the district attorney or the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR).

Now, AB 600 allows courts to recall a sentence and initiate resentencing at any point in time, if the sentencing laws applicable at the time of sentencing have subsequently changed, including sentencing enhancement laws, strike laws, or any other sentencing rules.

In addition to allowing judges to initiate resentencing when the applicable laws have changed, AB 600 mandates judges to consider post-conviction factors, including the defendant’s disciplinary and rehabilitation record while incarcerated; the defendant’s age and time served; and whether the circumstances have changed to the point that continuous incarceration is no longer in the interest of justice.

Moreover, the law requires courts to assess whether the defendant’s constitutional rights had been violated and to determine whether the defendant had experienced physical, psychological, or childhood trauma, or if the defendant was a youth at the time of the offense, and whether any of these factors contributed to the commission of the offense.

In addition, during resentencing proceedings, AB 600 gives courts full discretion to reconsider the imposition of prior strikes. According to the legislature, courts should not only consider the Romero factors, but also PC 1385 as amended by SB 81.

Finally, AB 600 mandates presumption in favor of resentencing, which can be refuted only if the court determines that the defendant poses “unreasonable risk of danger to public safety.” Absent this, the legislature mandates that, if a court concludes that resentencing is appropriate, such resentencing should result in a “meaningful modification.”

Given the huge impact that a resentencing hearing could have on a defendant’s life, it is vital that you hire an experienced appeals attorney who specializes in post-conviction matters. At the Justice Firm, we understand that the attorney-client relationship is an important aspect of your legal journey and our highly skilled attorneys are here to help and answer any questions you might have.

If you or a loved one have questions about AB 600 or any other post-conviction relief options, contact our California appeals attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

In 1987, in McClesky v. Kemp, the U.S. Supreme Court limited courts’ ability to address systemic discrimination by requiring defendants to prove purposeful discrimination by more than statistical disparities. Unfortunately, the Court failed to recognize the reality that most systemic biases are unintentional and throughout the years have been more damaging than occurrences of outright racism. As a result, the decision by the Court left thousands of defendants without recourse.

Fortunately, as part of the ongoing effort to rectify the troubling and devastating effects that California’s laws and policies have had on minority communities and to redress the McClesky decision, in 2020, the State legislature passed AB 2542, which prohibited the state from seeking a conviction or a sentence on the basis of race, ethnicity, or national origin. Recognizing that AB 2542 did not go far enough, in 2022, the California legislature passed AB 256 or the Racial Justice Act for All. The new bill provided a staggered timeline for defendants with cases in which final judgment was entered before January 1, 2021, to seek relief. Moreover, AB 256 expands the type of evidence that defendants can present and requires courts to consider the totality of the evidence and not only statistical evidence.

According to the timeline provided in AB 256, starting on January 1, 2024, any person who is currently serving a sentence in state prison or county jail can file a habeas corpus petition based on a claim under AB 256, which was codified under Penal Code section 745. Moreover, AB 256 amended Penal Code section 1473, not only to allow for habeas corpus petitions based on racial discrimination claims, but to also allow defendants with pending petitions to amend their existing petitions with a claim that their conviction or sentence was the result of a violation of the new Penal Code section 745(a).

The process of challenging a conviction or a sentence under AB 256 is going to be a complex one. Starting on January 1, 2024, defendants who are currently in custody will be able to file a petition for writ of habeas corpus. In order to obtain a hearing, a defendant is required to make a prima facie showing that there was a violation of PC 745(a). This means that the petition has to put forward facts that, if true, would establish a substantial likelihood that a PC 745(a) violation had occurred.

At the evidentiary hearing, the burden of proof will be on the defendant to show by a preponderance of the evidence that a violation had occurred. However, the defendant will not be required to prove intentional discrimination. Furthermore, if the defendant shares an ethnicity, race, or national origin with more than one group, then he or she can produce aggregate evidence to prove that there was a violation. If the court finds that a violation had indeed occurred, the court is mandated to impose a remedy. While the exact remedy is going to be within the discretion of the court, the possible post-judgment remedies include vacating the conviction or sentence and ordering new proceedings; modifying the judgment to a lesser offense; or vacating the sentence and imposing a new one, which cannot be greater than the one previously imposed.

AB 256 provides an additional avenue for defendants to seek post-conviction relief. The experienced and compassionate post-conviction attorneys at the Justice Firm are ready to answer your questions and evaluate your case to determine if you qualify for post-conviction relief under this or any other law. If you or a loved one wants to know more about this law, or if you think that AB 256 impacts your case, contact our California appeals attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

Overwhelming evidence has demonstrated that sentencing enhancements have not been the successful deterrent to crime they were designed to be, but even more than that, they have failed to improve public safety and have resulted in unnecessarily long mass incarcerations and inequity. As a result, in the last several years, California’s leaders and legislatures have worked hard to correct the harm caused by unjust and disproportionately long sentences. Some of the most important laws that were enacted include SB 1393, AB 2942, and SB 81.

SB 1393 or The Fair and Just Sentencing Reform Act of 2018, reformed the law on one of the most commonly used sentencing enhancements in California, namely the 5-year enhancement given for each prior serious felony conviction when a person is currently charged with a serious felony. Prior to 2019, the law specifically prohibited judges from using their discretion to dismiss the 5-year enhancement for prior serious felony. That changed with the enactment of SB 1393. SB 1393 eliminated the mandatory application of the prior serious felony enhancement and allowed judges to use their discretion to strike the enhancement in furtherance of justice.

While SB 1393 is not retroactive, along that bill, the California legislature also passed AB 2942, which, just like SB 1393, went into effect on January 1, 2019. Prior to AB 2942, district attorneys had no way of revisiting sentences or recommending a sentence recall and reduction. However, the new law granted district attorneys the discretionary power to revisit cases and determine whether further incarceration is actually in the interest of justice. If a district attorney decides to make a recommendation, it is then within the discretionary power of the court to decide whether to grant a recall hearing. Under the law, the court has the authority to look at a wide range of factors, including post-conviction factors and any new laws that have been passed, including laws invalidating certain enhancements.

In addition, in 2021, the state legislature passed SB 81, which came into effect on January 1, 2022. This bill instructs courts to give great weight to mitigating evidence presented by a defendant, and to dismiss an enhancement if it is in the furtherance of justice. The bill specifically lists nine mitigating circumstances, which if present, should weigh heavily in favor of striking an enhancement. Moreover, the new law instructs judges that the list is not exhaustive, and that the courts retain the authority to strike an enhancement whenever it will be in the interest of justice. While SB 81 is not retroactive, courts can apply it in all cases that come before them for resentencing purposes.

At the Justice Firm we believe that it’s very important to work with a reliable and experienced attorney who specializes in post-conviction matters. We know that the attorney-client relationship is an important aspect of your legal journey and our highly skilled attorneys are here to help and answer any questions you might have.

If you or a loved one is serving a lengthy prison sentence and have questions about any of the above laws, or if you think that these or any other new laws could impact your case, contact our California appeals attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

In California, an individual’s criminal record is kept until a person reaches 100 years of age, even though most people with a criminal record had long paid their debt to society. The effects of a criminal record have always been enormous, but this is truer then ever in today’s world where the use of background checks is more widespread than ever. As a result, a quarter of the state’s population is facing numerous barriers to building and having a decent life. The presence of a criminal record prevents people from entering certain careers, obtaining housing, long-term employment, and participating fully in civic life. Most notably, the consequences of a criminal record have historically affected minority communities disproportionately and have been a leading driver of recidivism and perpetual poverty.

For years now, California has been at the forefront of Criminal Justice Reform and has been adopting numerous measures in an attempt to rectify the effects of the tough on crime policies of the past. As part of the ongoing efforts to reform that the California policymakers have embarked on, and recognizing the devastating consequences a criminal record can have on a person’s ability to reintegrate into society, they passed SB 731. Governor Newsom signed the bill into law on September 29, 2022, and the bill became effective on July 1, 2023.

Prior to SB 731 coming into effect, the state’s laws allowed for people to apply for expungement of certain misdemeanor and felony convictions. Not only was expungement limited in its application, but also, the conviction was not entirely erased from a person’s record. SB 731 is a landmark law that completely changes the approach to conviction sealing in California and is the most expansive conviction sealing law in the country.

Under SB 731, the California Department of Justice is required to review their databases on a monthly basis and clear all records of eligible individuals automatically. Eligibility varies depending on the type of arrest or conviction. Generally, all misdemeanor and felony charges that are dismissed have to be cleared immediately after dismissal. With regards to arrests and convictions, the automatic relief eligibility varies:

• For misdemeanor arrests where no charges are brought, the automatic record clearance is one year after the arrest, whereas for felony arrests with no charges brought, three years after the arrest.
• For misdemeanor convictions where probation is granted, a person is eligible for automatic record clearance immediately after completion of probation. And if no probation is granted, one year after completion of the case.
• For felony convictions, where probation is granted, immediately after probation is completed. For all other non-violent, non-serious, non-registerable felony convictions, a person will be eligible to have their record automatically cleared 4 years after sentence completion, if there have been no additional felony convictions in the 4-year period.

Additionally, any individual with a felony conviction is eligible to discretionary relief and can petition the court to withdraw their plea and have their case dismissed after completion of their sentence and if certain other conditions are met. If the felony conviction resulted in a sentence to state prison, the relief is available only if the conviction did not result in a requirement to register as a sex offender.

Finally, it is worth noting that nothing in SB 731 restores an individual’s gun rights that were taken away due to a felony conviction or a misdemeanor domestic violence conviction. Despite SB 731, the only way to regain your rights to own or possess firearms is through a gubernatorial pardon.

While under SB 731 most criminal records are supposed to be automatically cleared when they become eligible, there are still instances where a person will have to petition the court in order to have their record cleared. At the Justice Firm we fight zealously to protect our clients’ rights and we believe that everyone is entitled to have the opportunity to build a better future.

If you or a loved one is facing criminal charges or needs assistance with a post-conviction relief, our highly skilled and compassionate attorneys are here to help and to answer any questions you might have. You can contact the experienced California Criminal attorneys at the Justice Firm today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

One of the main principles of the criminal justice system is that the punishment has to fit the crime. Unfortunately, California’s hyper punitive policies enacted in the 1980s and 1990s, resulted in a serious distortion of one of the most basic legal standards of the criminal justice system. By the end of the 1990s, California’s legislature had managed to enact more than one hundred different enhancements, which have added years to the prison sentences of majority of inmates. The State’s aggressive sentencing enhancement laws have led to mass incarceration, overburdening of the state’s budget, and most importantly, have disproportionately affected marginalized and minority communities and their economies.

There have been numerous studies on enhancements that have shown that adding time to an already lengthy sentence has not been a successful deterrent to crime and has not had a positive impact on public safety. In line with these studies, the California legislature has been working hard to enact laws that will prevent the application of indiscriminate sentence enhancements while still allowing judges to impose harsh and lengthy sentences when the conduct demands it.

One of the most commonly used sentence enhancement has been the California Penal Code §667(a), which is a 5-year enhancement given for each prior serious felony conviction when a person is currently charged with a serious felony. Prior to 2019, courts were mandated to add the 5-year enhancement and they were prevented from considering the specifics of a case, the seriousness of the offense, or the defendant’s history and other mitigating circumstances.

Penal Code §1385 states that a judge may dismiss an action in furtherance of justice, which provides judges with a broad discretion to strike enhancements. This allows judges to tailor a sentence to a particular case and defendant, which can help ensure that the given sentence is proportional to the conduct in question and eliminates mandatory and arbitrary sentences, which can only lead to unjust and discriminatory results. However, prior to 2019, the law specifically prohibited judges from using their discretion under PC 1385, when it came to the application of the 5-year enhancement for prior serious felony.

That changed with SB 1393, which came into effect on January 1, 2019. SB 1393 eliminated the mandatory application of the 5-year prior serious felony enhancement, and allowed judges to use their discretion under Penal Code §1385 to strike such enhancements in furtherance of justice. As a result of the enactment of SB 1393, judges are now allowed to consider the specific facts and the conduct of the defendant, as well as any mitigating circumstances or factors.

While the Fair and Just Sentencing Reform Act is not retroactive, along SB 1393, the California legislature also passed AB 2942, which amended Penal Code Section 1172.1 and allowed courts to accept recommendations from the district attorney of the county in which the defendant was sentenced, to recall and resentence a person.

At the Justice Firm we believe that it’s very important to work with a reliable and experienced attorney who specializes in post-conviction matters. We know that the attorney-client relationship is an important aspect of your legal journey and our highly skilled attorneys are here to help and answer any questions you might have.

If you or a loved one is serving a lengthy prison sentence and have questions about this law, or if you think that this or any other new law could impact your case, contact our California appeals attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

The mass incarceration in California has not only caused prison overcrowding, but has also had a devastating impact on the State’s budget, as the annual cost per prisoner is over $100,000. The tough on crime policies of the 1990s have not only led to overcrowding of California’s prisons and a strain on the State’s budget, but they have also proved counterproductive and have had a detrimental impact on countless of inmates and their families, and have disproportionately affected marginal and minority communities.

Fortunately, in the last several years, California’s leaders have recognized than many of the State’s sentencing laws have not only failed to effectively serve their intended purpose of increasing public safety, but more than that, they have led to excessively punitive sentences, unnecessarily long incarcerations, and overall inequities.

One of the main principles of the criminal justice system is that the punishment has to fit the crime. As part of the ongoing effort to course-correct the State’s policies, California’s lawmakers have been enacting legislation designed to alleviate the unintended detrimental consequence of existing laws and to make the State’s criminal justice system more fair and just. One such criminal justice reform measure is SB 567, which was signed by Governor Newsom on October 8, 2021, and came into effect on January 1, 2022.

Enacted in 1977, California’s determinate sentencing law allowed judges to impose one of three sentences – a low term, a middle term, or a high term and until 2007, the law required that judges impose the middle term, unless there were aggravating or mitigating circumstance that justified the imposition of the upper or lower terms. The decision rested entirely within the discretion of the court. In 2007, in Cunningham v. California, the Supreme Court of the United States held that the State’s determinate sentencing law was unconstitutional because it violated a person’s Sixth Amendment right to a trial by a jury by allowing judges to impose an upper term based on aggravating facts, which were never presented to a jury.

In light of the ruling, in 2007, California’s legislature adopted a temporary law, SB 40, allowing judges to impose the upper term without aggravating facts being presented to the jury, if, in his or her discretion, a judge determines that the upper term best serves the interests of justice and the judge sets forth on the record the reasons for imposing the term. The temporary law implemented at the time was set to expire on January 1, 2022.

SB 567 was the sentencing reform bill that the California’s legislature enacted to replace SB 40. SB 567 creates a presumption of sentencing judgment that does not exceed the middle term, unless there are aggravating circumstances justifying the imposition of a high term. Under the new law, the aggravating facts supporting imposition of a high-term sentence have to be either stipulated by the defendant or found to be true beyond reasonable doubt at a trial by a jury or a judge in a bench trial.

Moreover, unless the aggravating facts and evidence are admissible to prove or defend against the charged offense or enhancement, or are otherwise authorized by law, a defendant has the right to request that the trial on the aggravating circumstances be separated from the trial of charges and enhancements. The new law does allow judges to consider a defendant’s prior convictions in determining sentencing based on a certified record of conviction without submitting it to the jury. Finally, SB 567 clarifies that, at the time of sentencing, a judge is required to put on the record the facts and reasons for choosing the sentence that they are imposing.

SB 567 is not retroactive in the traditional sense. However, the law does provide the possibility of retroactive relief for defendants who were sentenced to life without the possibility of parole and were under the age of 18 at the time they committed the crime. In addition to being required to serve at least 15 years of their sentence prior to petitioning the court, there are additional requirements that such individuals have to meet.

If you want to know more about this new law or want to learn if you qualify, our post-conviction attorneys are here to help. The post-conviction attorneys at the Justice Firm are ready to answer your questions and evaluate your case to determine if you qualify for post-conviction relief under this or any other laws.

While SB 567 is silent on its retroactivity other than as stated above, there is certainly interplay between this sentencing law and other recently enacted criminal justice reform measures including AB 2942.

SB 567 is part of a whole host of new measures that give additional opportunities for people to seek post-conviction relief. If you or a loved one is serving a lengthy prison sentence and have questions about this law or any other law, contact our California appeals attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

Given the enormous impact that a resentencing hearing could have on a defendant’s life, it is vital that you hire an experienced appeals attorney who specializes in post-conviction matters. At the Justice Firm, we work hard for all of our clients, and hiring the right attorney ensures that your case is presented in the most convincing way possible and will show why a resentencing in your case would serve the interests of justice.

As part of the ongoing effort to fight the biases and racial discrimination that have been prevalent in our criminal legal system, in 2020, the California legislature passed AB 2542, or the Racial Justice Act, which came into effect on January 1, 2021. The law prohibited the state from obtaining or seeking to obtain a criminal conviction or imposing a sentence on the basis of race, ethnicity, or national origin. The landmark law was a step in the right direction and was welcomed by criminal justice reform advocates.

Prior to the passing of AB 2542, proving racial biases was almost impossible. In the 1987 decision McClesky v. Kemp, the U.S. Supreme Court imposed an unreasonably high burden on defendants to prove racism in criminal cases. In short, the Court required defendants to prove intentional discrimination and held that statistical disparities are not enough to show a constitutional violation.

Unfortunately, for all the good AB 2542 aimed to do, it still left thousands of people behind, as it applied only to prospective cases. That issue was rectified with the passing of AB 256, which Governor Newsom signed into law on September 29, 2022. The new Racial Justice Act for All extended the protections of AB 2542 to people, who had been impacted by unfair, biased, and discriminatory convictions or sentences prior to January 1, 2021, and it applies to juvenile convictions as well.

AB 256 gives a new opportunity for people to seek post-conviction relief. If you want to know more about this new law or want to learn if you qualify, our post-conviction attorneys are here to help. The post-conviction attorneys at the Justice Firm are ready to answer your questions and evaluate your case to determine if you qualify for post-conviction relief under this or any other laws.

AB 256 came into effect on January 1, 2023. However, the new law does not apply to everyone immediately, but rather, it creates a phased-in timeline for defendants to seek post-conviction relief:

• January 1, 2023 – defendants who have been sentenced to death or individuals facing deportation;
• January 1, 2024 – defendants who are incarcerated for a felony;
• January 1, 2025 – other individuals who have felony convictions, which were entered after 2015;
• January 1, 2026 – all other individuals with a felony conviction.

The new Racial Justice Act for All not only will extend protections and provide an avenue of relief for countless of people, but it also broadens the type of evidence that a defendant can present. Under the original act, in order for a defendant to establish that a conviction or a sentence was unlawfully imposed on the basis of race, national origin, or ethnicity, he or she was required to provide statistical evidence or aggregate data. AB 256 now allows a defendant to present nonstatistical evidence and the new law requires judges to consider the totality of the evidence.

In order to prove a violation under the new law, upon making a prima facie case of a violation under the law, a defendant is entitled to hearing where he or she has to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that either:

• “The judge, an attorney in the case, a law enforcement officer involved in the case, an expert witness, or juror exhibited bias or animus towards the defendant because of the defendant’s race, ethnicity, or national origin” or
• During the course of the defendant’s trial, one of the above listed persons “used racially discriminatory language about the defendant’s race, ethnicity, or national origin or otherwise exhibited bias or animus towards the defendant because of the defendant’s race, ethnicity, or national origin, whether or not purposeful” or
• The defendant was charged or convicted of a more serious offense than similarly situated individuals of a different race, ethnicity, or national origin and prosecutors in the county “more frequently sought or obtained convictions for more serious offenses against people who share the defendant’s race, ethnicity, or national origin” or
• A longer or more severe sentence was imposed on the defendant than on similarly situated individuals and “longer or more severe sentences were more frequently imposed for that offense on people that share the defendant’s race, ethnicity, or national origin than on defendants of other races, ethnicities, or national origins.”

Explicit and implicit systemic racial biases, inequality, and discrimination have been present in our criminal justice system since its inception. The Racial Justice Act for All brings us one step closer to rectifying the injustices and the significant racial disparities that exist in California’s convictions and sentencing history.

The process of challenging a conviction or a sentence under AB 256 is complex and it is important to work with experienced and compassionate attorneys. At the Justice Firm, we know that the attorney-client relationship is an important aspect of your legal journey and our highly skilled and reliable attorneys are here to help and answer any questions you might have. If you or a loved one has questions about this law, or if you think that AB 256 could impact your case, contact our California appeals attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

As a result of their findings, the California Legislature concluded that the felony murder rule and the natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, have to be amended, and on September 30, 2018, the former California Governor Jerry Brown, signed into law SB 1437, which was codified as Penal Code §1170.95. In short, SB 1437 changes Penal Code §§188 and 189 by limiting the number of people that can be convicted of felony murder, and by effectively eliminating the role of the natural and probable consequences doctrine in murder cases.

Prior to SB 1437, a person could have been convicted of felony murder if he or she participated in or aided in the commission of a felony and a victim died during or as a result of the felony. Under the new law, in order for someone to be convicted of felony murder, he or she has to participate or attempt to participate in a felony in which a death occurs and:

• The person is the actual killer;
• The person acted with the intent to kill, by, for example, aided, abetted, induced, or assisted the actual killer in killing the victim;
• The person was a “major participant” in the felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life; or
• The victim was a police officer who was killed on the job, and the defendant “knew or reasonably should have known that the victim was a peace officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties.”

Notably, SB 1437 is retroactive, which allows defendants that have been convicted under the old rule to petition the court to have their murder convictions vacated and their sentences recalled.

SB 1437 spells out in detail the procedure for petitioning and resentencing. According to the new law, a person is eligible to have their sentence reduced if he or she meets all three conditions below:

• Defendant was prosecuted for murder under a theory of felony murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine;
• Defendant was convicted of first-degree or second-degree murder following a trial, or, accepted such charges as a plea offer; and
• Defendant could not be convicted of murder under the new felony murder law.

In order to have their sentences reconsidered, defendants have to file a petition with the court that sentenced them and serve a copy of the petition on the district attorney, and on the counsel who represented them at trial. In addition to a detailed declaration spelling out the reason for eligibility of relief under the new law, the petition has to include the case number and the year of conviction, and whether the petitioner is requesting the appointment of counsel.

After the petition is filed, the court will hold a prima facie hearing. If the court finds that the petitioner meets the basic criteria for relief, the court will issue an order to show cause. At the order to show cause hearing, the burden of proof will shift to the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is guilty of murder under the revised laws, i.e. that during the commission of a crime, the person intended to kill or was a major participant and acted with reckless indifference to human life. If the prosecution is unable to meet its burden of proof, then the new law requires the court to vacate the prior conviction and any allegations and enhancements attached to it, and to resentence the defendant on the remaining charges.

Notably, during the hearing, the court is allowed to hear not only evidence previously admitted, but also new or additional evidence. Furthermore, if there was a prior determination by a judge or a jury that the petitioner did not act with reckless disregard for human life or was not a major participant in the underlying felony, then the court is required to vacate the conviction and resentence the petitioner without the need for a hearing.

While advocates of criminal justice reform in California welcomed SB 1437, the law overlooked a substantial number of inmates, who had been convicted of manslaughter or attempted murder under the old theories, and who were left ineligible to petition for resentencing under SB 1437. However, in 2021, the California legislature rectified that problem by enacting SB 775, which came into effect on January 1, 2022, and provided for people who are serving sentences for attempted murder and manslaughter under felony murder theories to petition the court for sentence reduction.

A successful resentencing petition requires a diligent and skillful representation. At the Justice Firm, we understand the value of a solid attorney-client relationship, and are ready to work with you or your loved ones to achieve the best outcome possible.

If you believe you are eligible, or want to know whether you could potentially qualify to have your murder, attempted murder, or manslaughter charges vacated, our highly skilled and reliable attorneys are here to help and to answer any questions you might have. If you or a loved one has questions about this law, or other post-conviction matters, contact our California appeals attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

In 2020, Governor Newsom commissioned the Committee on Revision of the Penal Code to thoroughly examine the California Penal Code and to issue recommendations for reform. When it came to sentence enhancements, overwhelming evidence was presented that their application has failed to improve public safety and has resulted in unnecessarily long incarcerations and inequity. Studies have shown that these enhancements, which are not elements of the crime and could result in double the time a person spends in prison, have been applied disproportionately to people of color and those suffering of mental illness. During testimony before the Committee, the former Governor Brown argued that California should abolish all enhancements or, at minimum, give judges better guidance on how and when they should be applied to avoid arbitrary use.

Prior to SB 81, while judges had the authority to dismiss sentence enhancements, they almost never did so, as the law provided them with no clear guidance. Even the California Supreme Court had noted that the standards used by judges are vague. As a result, based on the Committee’s findings and recommendations on the issue, SB 81 was passed and Governor Newsom signed it into law on October 8, 2021. SB 81 became effective on January 1, 2022. Senator Skinner, who introduced the bill, has said that “SB 81 sends a clear message to our courts: Let’s use sentence enhancements judiciously and only when necessary to protect the public.”

With SB 81 in effect, judges now have more clarity and guidance when deciding whether to dismiss an enhancement. The new bill requires that judges dismiss an enhancement if it is in the furtherance of justice. Specifically, the law requires that judges give great weight to evidence provided by the defendant showing the presence of certain mitigating circumstances, and instructs them that the presence of at least one of them, should weigh heavily in favor of the dismissal of an enhancement. There are nine circumstances listed in the bill:

• If more than one enhancement is alleged in a single case, a judge should dismiss all enhancements beyond a single one;
• An enhancement should be dismissed, if the court determines that it would result in an unjust racial impact;
• If the offense at issue was associated with a mental illness, then an enhancement should be dismissed;
• Similarly, the court should dismiss an enhancement, if the offense was related to childhood trauma or prior victimization of the defendant;
• An enhancement should also be dismissed if its application would result in a sentence exceeding 20 years;
• If the enhancement is based on a prior conviction that is at least 5 years old, then it shouldn’t be applied;
• Defendant’s age at the time the crime was committed should be taken into consideration. Judges are required to consider whether the defendant was a juvenile at the time or whether the enhancement was triggered by prior juvenile adjudication;
• Whether the offense was a non-violent offense or didn’t involve the use of firearm should be taken into account; and
• Finally, even if a firearm was used during the commission of the offense, whether it was unloaded or inoperable.

Notably, while the bill does specifically list the above-mentioned circumstances, it also states that the list is not exclusive and that judges retain the authority to dismiss or strike an enhancement if it is in the furtherance of justice, even if the specifically stated mitigating circumstances are not present.

While the new law requires judges to consider evidence showing mitigating circumstance, it also preserves the court’s authority, in the name of public safety, not to factor them in, if the court determines that there is a likelihood that not imposing the enhancement would result in physical harm or other serious risk to others.

At the Justice Firm, we understand that disclosing a childhood trauma, mental issues, or any other hardships can be challenging. This is why we believe that it’s very important to work with a reliable and experienced criminal attorney. At the Justice Firm, we know that the attorney-client relationship is an important aspect of your legal journey and our highly skilled and experienced attorneys are here to help and answer any questions you might have. If you or a loved one has questions about this law, or if you think that SB 81 could impact your case, contact our California appeals attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

In 2018, the California legislature passed Senate Bill 1437, which amended the felony murder rule and allowed inmates convicted of felony murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences theory to petition the court to have their murder sentences recalled and to obtain resentencing for the underlying offense only. While advocates of criminal justice reform in California welcomed SB 1437, the law overlooked a substantial number of inmates, who had been convicted of manslaughter or attempted murder under the old theories and who were left ineligible to petition for resentencing under SB 1437.

Thankfully, the California legislature corrected this colossal oversight, and on October 5, 2021, Governor Newsom signed into law SB 775, which came into effect on January 1, 2022. By giving inmates convicted of attempted murder or manslaughter under the old doctrines the life-changing opportunity to petition the court for recall and resenting, SB 775 closed the gap that SB 1437 had left open.

Under SB 775, a defendant who had been convicted of manslaughter under the old felony murder or the natural and probable consequences theories, or of attempted murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, is eligible for resentencing, if the defendant can demonstrate that he or she would not have been convicted of manslaughter or attempted murder under the new law because malice can no longer be imputed on a person solely because of their participation in a certain crime.

SB 775 spells out the procedure for petitioning and resentencing. Under the new law, in order to have their sentences reconsidered, inmates are responsible for filing a petition with the court that sentenced them and for serving a copy of the petition on the district attorney. Under SB 775, the defendant has to establish a prima facie case for relief in their petition. In addition to a detailed declaration by the defendant spelling out the reason for eligibility of relief under the new law, the petition has to include the case number and the year of conviction, and whether the defendant is requesting the appointment of counsel.

Following the successful filing of a petition, the burden of proof will shift to the prosecution, which has to prove, beyond reasonable doubt, that the inmate is guilty of manslaughter or attempted murder under the revised laws, i.e. that during the commission of a crime, the person intended to kill or was a major participant and acted with reckless indifference to human life. Notably, during the hearing, the court is allowed to hear not only evidence previously admitted, but also new or additional evidence. Finally, the new law specifically states that a conclusion that there is “substantial evidence to support a conviction…is insufficient to prove, beyond reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is ineligible for resentencing.” If the prosecution is unable to meet its burden of proof, then the new law requires the court to vacate any prior convictions, allegations, and enhancements, and to resentence the defendant for the original crime.

While SB 775 provides for a court appointed counsel, when filing a petition under the new law, you should consider the life-changing ramifications of a sentence recall and should work with an experienced post-conviction attorney who can present the strongest petition possible that clearly demonstrates to the court your eligibility for resentencing. At the Justice Firm, we understand the value of a solid attorney-client relationship, and are ready to work with you or your loved ones to achieve the best outcome possible.

If you believe you are eligible, or want to know whether you could potentially qualify to have your murder, attempted murder, or manslaughter charges vacated, our highly skilled and reliable attorneys are here to help and to answer any questions you might have. If you or a loved one has questions about this law, or other post-conviction matters, contact our California appeals attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

While criminal justice reform advocates had welcomed these laws, criticism remained, as the laws did not apply retroactively. SB 483 or The Repeal Ineffective Sentencing Enhancements (RISE) Act corrects that by applying SB 180 and SB 136 retroactively. Governor Newsom signed SB 483 into law on October 8, 2021, which went into effect on January 1, 2022. This law is the latest attempt by the California legislature to correct the harm caused by unjust and disproportionately long sentences. It has long been argued that long sentences cause more harm than good, as they have been proven ineffective as deterrents to crime, and have had negative impact on the well being and safety of defendants and communities alike. As the Legislature specifically states in the new bill, the goal of the RISE Act is to address systemic racial biases in sentencing and to ensure equal justice under the law.

Under the new law, inmates do not have to petition the court for resentencing. Instead, the new law requires that the Secretary of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitations (CDCR) identify all incarcerated individuals serving sentences that include one of those enhancements. CDCR had until March 1, 2022, to identify all individuals that have served their base sentences and any other enhancements, and who are currently serving time based on the repealed enhancements, and until July 1, 2022, to identify all other individuals.

The law requires that the sentencing court, upon verification that the current judgment of an identified inmate includes one of the repealed sentence enhancements, recalls the original sentence and resentences the defendant. All reviews and resentencing have to be completed by October 1, 2022, for defendants that have served their base term, and by December 31, 2023, for all other individuals that have a repealed enhancement added to their sentence.

The new law allows the courts to consider various post-conviction factors, including age, physical condition, time served, record of rehabilitation and disciplinary record, as well as evidence that show changed circumstance that would deem the continued incarceration a miscarriage of justice. Notably, the new bill prevents the courts, under any circumstances, from imposing a longer sentence than the original. Furthermore, unless there is clear and convincing evidence that imposing a lesser than the original sentence would endanger public safety, at the resentencing, the court must impose a lesser sentence. Moreover, unless the court had originally imposed the upper term or upon resentencing finds that there are aggravating circumstance that justify deviation from the middle term, the sentencing court is barred from imposing a sentence exceeding the middle term. Finally, the sentencing court is required to appoint counsel for any inmate who is potentially eligible for resentencing.

We understand that it can be hard to trust someone after hardship related to life-changing trauma. This is why we believe that it’s very important to work with a reliable and experienced attorney who specializes in post-conviction matters. At the Justice Firm, we know that the attorney-client relationship is an important aspect of your legal journey. While the new law provides for appointment of a public attorney, it can be beneficial to hire an experienced attorney, who can gather evidence and present all arguments that would result in the lowest incarceration term possible.

If you believe that you are eligible for SB 483, contact our California appeals attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

In 2018, Governor Brown signed into law Assembly Bill 2942, which went into effect on January 1, 2019. Prior to AB 2942, there were no legal vehicles for district attorneys to revisit and re-evaluate sentences and, when warranted in the pursuit of justice, to recommend a sentence recall and reduction. Nowadays, due to AB 2942, local district attorneys have been given the discretionary power to revisit cases to determine whether the further confinement of inmates facing overly prolonged incarceration is in the interest of justice, and if it is not, to recommend a case for resentencing.

AB 2942 does not provide for any exclusions. That means that cases involving any type of offense or sentence are potentially eligible for recommendation for recall of a sentence. Furthermore, the law does not provide for any requirements of time served. Notably, this law could potentially provide relief for immigrant defendants facing immigration consequences based on their sentences, by having them reduced to non-deportable ones.

Once the district attorney makes a recommendation, the court has discretionary power to determine whether to grant a recall hearing. If a court makes a favorable determination to hear a case, it will schedule a sentence hearing and will impose a new sentence. The court has a wide range authority to look at many different factors in determining the new sentence, including post-conviction factors.

Particularly, the law instructs the courts to consider the disciplinary and rehabilitation records of defendants; evidence of age, physical condition and time served to determine whether the risk of future violence has been reduced; evidence of changed circumstances that would render a continued incarceration a miscarriage of justice; and finally, the court can consider new laws passed that would result in a shorter sentence, including the invalidation of certain enhancements.

Upon reviewing all the evidence and arguments, the court will make a determination for a new sentence. Importantly, the court cannot impose a new sentence that is longer than the original sentence. Moreover, the shorter in duration sentence must account for time served under the original sentence.

There are a number of alternatives to direct appeal, and AB 2942 provides a way to reduce your original sentence. The new attitude in California towards criminal justice reform is a bright light for people serving excessive sentences and has given incarcerated individuals the opportunity to gain early release. Given the huge impact that a resentencing hearing could have on a defendant’s life, it is vital that you hire an experienced appeals attorney who specializes in post-conviction matters. At the Justice Firm, we work hard for all of our clients, and hiring the right attorney ensures that your case is presented in the most convincing way possible and will show why a resentencing in your case would serve the interests of justice.

If you have questions about AB 2942 and your eligibility, contact our California appeals attorneys today for a case evaluation locally at (310) 914-2444 or at our Toll-Free number at (866) 695-6714, or click here.

Bradford said in a statement that “No one disputes that crimes involving firearms must be taken seriously, but California should not continue forcing judges to dole out extreme and overly punitive sentences that don’t fit the crime.” Bradford feels that judges should be afforded the same discretion at sentencing that prosecutors are afforded when filing criminal charges, and that California’s “overly punitive” sentencing laws disproportionately affected people of color.

Prior to signing Senate Bill 620 into law, judges were prohibited from dismissing or striking a firearm sentence enhancement for offenders who committed felony offenses involving firearms. If an individual was arrested for a criminal offense involving a gun, certain enhancements were added to the charges which were mandatory. Ultimately, this meant someone convicted of the charges could face a substantially longer prison term, sometimes decades longer. This new law gives judges the power to determine punishment, taking away prosecutors’ power to determine enhancements.

Police have also entered into the debate surrounding this new law; according to Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer, state lawmakers don’t realize the impact this new law has on communities in California. Dyer claims “certain” individuals are out of touch with local communities, and these same individuals are creating laws that contribute to a weakened criminal justice system.

Prior to Senate Bill 620 being signed into law judges had no power when it came to firearms sentencing enhancements which could mean an additional 10 or 20 years in prison, or even life. Under the new law, judges will be awarded the opportunity to review the facts of a case in order to make certain the punishment a convicted offender receives is suitable according to the defendant’s involvement in the crime and the severity/nature of the offense. However, the new law does not do away with firearm sentence enhancements, and according to Legislative Advocate Lizze Buchen of the ACLU of California is a vital step toward a justice system in California that is more fair and equitable. Buchen states that people of color have been subject to extreme sentencing enhancements for far too long, and that this harsh sentencing has not been successful in deterring crime, but has fueled “mass incarceration” or overcrowding of prisons.

It’s clear that there are very differing opinions when it comes to the new firearms enhancement law, what do you think?